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The Elements of Drawing by John Ruskin

On First Practice
Sketching from Nature
On Color and Composition



SKETCHING FROM NATURE


Take a small and simple photograph; allow yourself half an hour to express its subjects with the pen only, using some permanent liquid color instead of ink, outlining its buildings or trees firmly, and laying in the deeper shadows, as you have been accustomed to do in your bolder pen drawings; then, when this etching is dry, take your sepia or grey, and tint it over, getting now the finer gradations of the photograph; and finally taking out the higher lights with penknife or blotting paper. You will soon find what can be done in this way; and by a series of experiments you may ascertain for yourself how far the pen may be made serviceable to reinforce shadows, mark characters of texture, outline unintelligible masses, and so on. The more time you have, the more delicate you may make the pen drawing, blending it with the tint; the less you have, the more distinct you must keep the two. Practise in this way from one photograph, allowing yourself sometimes only a quarter of an hour for the whole thing, sometimes an hour, sometimes two or three hours; in each case drawing the whole subject in full depth of light and shade, but with such degree of finish in the parts as is possible in the given time. And this exercise, observe, you will do well to repeat frequently, whether you can get prints and drawings as well as photographs, or not.


And now at last, when you can copy a piece of Liber Studiorum, or its photographic substitute, faithfully, you have the complete means in your power of working from Nature on all subjects that interest you, which you should do in four different ways. First. When you have full time, and your subject is one that will stay quiet for you, make perfect light and shade studies, or as nearly perfect as you can, with grey or brown color of any kind, reinforced and defined with the pen.

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The Elements of Drawing by John Ruskin
On First Practice
Exercise One: Shading
Exercise Two: Outlines
Exercise Three: Gradation
Exercise Four: Pencil Drawing
Exercise Five: Drawing Letters
Exercise Six: Drawing Trees
Exercise Seven: Watercolor Practice
Exercise Eight: Drawing Stones
Exercise Nine: More Watercolor Practice
Exercise Ten:

Sketching from Nature
Sketching Trees
Sketching Trees 2
First Sketches
Painting Practice
Drawing from Photographs
How to Draw Quickly
Drawing Shadows
What To Draw
How to Draw Plants
How to Draw Plants 2
Three Laws of Drawing
Light and Shade
Drawing Water
Drawing Clouds

Color
Materials
Using the Right Color
24 Essential Colors
Mixing Colors
Using Colors
Color Techniques
Color Gradation
Watercolor Tints
Using Black and White
Compound Colors
Warm and Cool Colors
Draw with Care

Composition
The Law of Principality
Law of Repetition
Law of Continuity
The Law of Curvature
Law of Radiation
The Law of Contrast
The Law of Interchange
The Law of Consistency
The Law of Harmony